Articles

PROPOSAL FOR PREVENTION OR ALLEVIATION OF PROTEIN/LYMPH-LOSING ENTEROPATHY (PLE/LLE) AFTER FONTAN CIRCULATION TREATMENT OF UNIVENTRICULAR HEARTS: RESTORATION OF LYMPH BALANCE WITH A “LYMPHATIC RIGHT-TO-LEFT SHUNT”

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Abstract

In Fontan circulations created for univentricular hearts, systemic venous return is diverted to the lungs before returning to the heart. The Total Cavopulmonary Connection (TCPC) is often the preferred surgical procedure whereby a 4-way anastomosis is created with inflow from the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC) and outflow to the right and left branches of the pulmonary artery. In this arrangement, the systemic venous pressure must be elevated sufficiently to perfuse the lungs passively without the normal boost of the right ventricle. Hence, unlike surgical corrections for other congenital heart conditions, the systemic venous pressures in a Fontan circuit must be elevated to make the circulation work. It is proposed here that the incidence of PLE/LLE is directly related to elevated venous and lymphatic pressures, which cause leakage of proteins/lymph into the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and expulsion from the body. It is commonly held that elevated venous pressures are relatively better tolerated in the upper body, but much less so in the heptatosplanchnic circulation and the lower body. It is also well established that elevated venous pressure increases lymph formation, most of which is produced in the hepatosplanchnic region (liver and intestine). It is further argued here that the increase in lymph filling pressure arising from the higher lymph flow, in association with the backpressure exerted by elevated venous pressure at the main drainage point into the venous system, results in a substantial increase in pressure in the thoracic duct. This pressure is transmitted back to the intestinal lymphatics, causing dilatation with lacteal rupture and protein or bulk lymph leakage into the intestine. We propose in this paper a new approach, based on experimental evidence, to prevent and/or alleviate this condition by draining or redirecting the thoracic duct (or, alternatively, a more localized intestinal lymphatic vessel) into one of the pulmonary veins or the left atrium, which are typically at near-normal pressure in a Fontan circulation. This "lymphatic-venous right-to-left" shunt maneuver would significantly reduce the venous backpressure on the lymphatics as well as improve lymph circulation, resulting in a decrease in the intestinal lymphatic pressure and thereby prevent or alleviate protein/lymph loss, i.e. lymph balance would be restored. Moreover, the greatly facilitated lymphatic flow would encourage further capillary filtration to relieve excessive venous pressure in the hepatosplanchnic region and protect the liver and kidneys. This paper is intended as a discussion document for elicitation of comments on the soundness and viability of this proposal as well as on technical challenges and steps to explore and advance it.

Keywords: protein losing enteropathy (PLE), lymph losing enteropathy (LLE), Fontan circulation, univentricular hearts, thoracic duct lymph, congenital heart disease, congenital cardiac surgery, chylous reflux, thoracic duct-pulmonary vein shunt, lymphatic right-to-left shunt, heart failure

How to Cite:

James, H. & Witte, M. & Bernas, M. & Barber, B., (2016) “PROPOSAL FOR PREVENTION OR ALLEVIATION OF PROTEIN/LYMPH-LOSING ENTEROPATHY (PLE/LLE) AFTER FONTAN CIRCULATION TREATMENT OF UNIVENTRICULAR HEARTS: RESTORATION OF LYMPH BALANCE WITH A “LYMPHATIC RIGHT-TO-LEFT SHUNT””, Lymphology 49(3), 114-127.